ملخص نظرية صراع الحضارات وإعادة صياغة النظام العالمي The Summary of the Clash of Civilizations Theory and the Reshaping of the World Order
نظرية صراع الحضارات وإعادة صياغة النظام العالمي
فحوي النظرية
يُعتبر الكتاب رائدًا في السياسة العالمية والعلاقات الدولية. في أعقاب عالم ما بعد الحرب الباردة، قدمت نظرية هنتنغتون للصراع الحضاري منظورًا مختلفًا لمسار السياسة المستقبلية. أعادت النظرية تشكيل النظام الدولي بترسيخه في ثماني حضارات، لكل منها قيمها ومؤسساتها الخاصة
من عام 1993 إلي عام 1996
و بعد تفكك الاتحاد السوفيتي ونهاية الحرب الباردة، شهد العالم ظهور نظريات عديدة سعت لتفسير الشؤون العالمية في حقبة ما بعد الحرب الباردة. إحدى هذه النظريات طرحها عالم السياسة الأمريكي، صموئيل ب. هنتنغتون، الذي كتب مقالًا عام ١٩٩٣ بعنوان "صدام الحضارات؟" نُشر في مجلة الشؤون الخارجية. وفي وقت لاحق عام ١٩٩٦، نشر صموئيل ب. هنتنغتون كتابه "صدام الحضارات وإعادة صياغة النظام العالمي"، شرح فيه نظريته حول صدام الحضارات.
الفكرة الرئيسية لنظريته هي
أنه في حقبة ما بعد الحرب الباردة، اندثرت الصراعات الأيديولوجية. وستظهر صراعات أخرى بين الدول أو الشعوب من حضارات مختلفة. وبالمثل، ستكون خطوط الصراع الرئيسية في السياسة العالمية هي خطوط الصدع بين الحضارات.
The Clash of Civilizations Theory and the Reshaping of the World Order
The theory's Content
This book is considered a pioneer in world politics and international relations. In the wake of the post-Cold War world, Huntington's theory of civilizational conflict offered a different perspective on the future trajectory of politics. The theory reshaped the international order by anchoring it in eight civilizations, each with its own values and institutions.
From 1993 to 1996
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the world witnessed the emergence of numerous theories seeking to explain global affairs in the post-Cold War era. One such theory was put forward by American political scientist Samuel P. Huntington, who wrote an article in 1993 titled "The Clash of Civilizations?" published in Foreign Affairs. Later, in 1996, Huntington published his book, "The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order," in which he explained his theory of the clash of civilizations.
The main idea of his theory is that
in the post-Cold War era, ideological conflicts have disappeared. New conflicts will emerge between states or peoples of different civilizations. Similarly, the main lines of conflict in world politics will be fault lines between civilizations.
The main idea of his theory is that
In the post-Cold War era, ideological conflicts have disappeared. New conflicts will emerge between states or peoples of different civilizations. Similarly, the main lines of conflict in world politics will be fault lines between civilizations.
Huntington's Major Civilizations
To understand the world, Samuel Huntington developed a civilizational model in the first part of his book, "The Clash of Civilizations." He developed this model because, according to him, the world has moved toward multiculturalism since the Cold War. This means that there is no universal civilization, and that countries unite based on their civilizations.
Huntington divided the world into eight major civilizations
The Chinese civilization included Vietnam, China, and Korea.
The Japanese civilization originated in Japan.
The Hindu civilization was based on the basic Indian culture.
Islamic civilization originated in the Arabian Peninsula and then spread to other parts of the world, particularly North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, Central Asia, the Arab countries, Turkey, the Persian Empire, and Malaysia. This civilization strengthened the Islamic world.
The Orthodox civilization was found in Russia.
The Western civilization was based on Europe and North America.
The Latin American civilization consisted primarily of Catholic and authoritarian states in Central and South America.
Th African civilization was found in African countries.
The factors that Promote Civilizational Awareness According to Huntington
1- The technological Development and Globalization
According to Huntington, several factors have contributed to the promotion of civilizational awareness among these groups. The prevailing common denominator is technological development and globalization, which have led civilizations to recognize their differences. This, in turn, creates a sense of polarization, as these civilizations seek to improve their civilizations and view others as enemies. Civilizational awareness policies are based on an "us versus them" mentality. This phenomenon thus ignites international conflict between different political systems.
2- The Changing Civilizational Balance
Is Western Civilization Declining or Dominating, from Huntington's Perspective?
Samuel Huntington argues that the world has entered a new phase in which the power of the West is waning. Furthermore, Huntington wrote his theory in response to Francis Fukuyama's theory, which stated that Western civilization would prevail over other civilizations in the post-Cold War era. Fukuyama considered Western civilization the last remaining human civilization. However, Huntington rejected this theory, asserting that Western power is declining due to the relative increase in the power of non-Western states. This decline in Western power is not rapid and continuous, but rather undergoes multiple ups and downs. The power of Western states is also driven by the institutions that make decisions on their behalf.
From his perspective, the reason for the relative decline of Western power:
Huntington discussed the evolution of non-Western states, particularly Japan and China, which followed their separate paths to development and left Westernization for progress. Today, Japan and China are asserting the influence and importance of their cultures as separate civilizations on the international stage through their economic growth.
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
The European Union
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
He also emphasized the importance of central states, which are those with leadership capacity in countries with similar cultures. For example, France and Germany are the central states in Europe. However, Islamic countries lack a clear cultural center and therefore face difficulties in the process of civilizational consensus.
The Concept of Fractured States (with Multiple Identities) Turkey - Mexico
Furthermore, Huntington proposed the concept of "fractured states" – states whose identity is not fully defined within a specific identity. For example, Turkey blends Islamic and Western civilizations. Similarly, Mexico cannot identify with either Latin American or Western civilizations. Huntington offered an index to identify fractured states. First, political elites in fractured states demonstrate a strong desire to join a specific, well-known civilizational bloc. While public opinion in these countries varies regarding this consensus,
Samuel Huntington predicted a bloody clash of civilizations.
Huntington asserted that non-Western civilizations view the West as imperialist because it constantly seeks to maintain its cultural superiority. To illustrate this point, Huntington presents several aspects that demonstrate the West's desire for superiority. These include Western military dominance, the promotion of Western values, and restrictions on non-Western immigrants in Western countries.
He argues that international alliances emerged under the umbrella of dominant civilizations.
In Part III of *The Clash of Civilizations*, Samuel Huntington argued that the Cold War bloc system provided a similar means for states to unite. Countries that supported communism formed alliances under the communist umbrella, while countries that supported capitalism formed alliances under its umbrella. Thus, two separate ideological blocs emerged, dividing the world into two hemispheres and defining the lines of confrontation. However, the end of the Cold War changed the course of state alliances. Huntington asserted that civilizational blocs replaced the bloc system of the Cold War, because countries with similar cultures were establishing an alliance of civilizations. The power politics of civilizations are manifested through the formation of regional alliances, such as
Later, in his theoretical work, he discusses the causes of the intense conflicts between Islamic and Western civilizations, including the resurgence of Islam, the decline of communism, the West's attempt to universalize its values, and increased communication between them, which highlighted their differences.
However, Huntington predicted a broader conflict between America and China. He declared that the clash between America and the combination of China's military power and the economic power of East Asian countries would be the most significant conflict in the world. To illustrate this, he cited examples, most notably the Soviet-Afghan War, which was the first civilizational war. Furthermore, to demonstrate the clash of civilizations, Huntington drew a map in Chapter 9 of his book.
The World's Fewest Civilizational Conflicts
The Fewer Conflicting Relationships with Civilizations
Orthodox
African
Japanese
Hindu
Latin American
The World's Most Civilizational Conflicts
Civilizations
Chinese
Islamic
The Islamic Civilization Specifically
Huntington wrote that Islamic civilization is the most troubling. People in the Arab world do not share the general assumptions of the Western world. Their primary attachment is to their religion, not their nation-state. Their culture does not welcome some liberal ideals, such as pluralism, individualism, and democracy.
What are the characteristics of the wars that will result from the end of civilizational conflicts?
Sectarian conflicts between individuals or groups from different civilizations. These individuals or groups usually belong to different religions, and they often fight for control of people or territory. These wars in the new world order are the most enduring because many wars arise as a cascading effect.
The causes of sectarian wars and fault-line wars:
They are the result of historical differences, demographic reasons, and political and economic reasons within civilizations.
The examples of these conflicts include:
the conflicts between Muslims and Hindus in the Indian subcontinent, the conflicts in the South Caucasus between Armenia and Azerbaijan, and the conflicts in Central Asia between the Balkans, Russia, and the Turks.
These result in a large number of deaths and refugees.
At the end of the theory, Huntington discussed the West's position in the world.
He believes that the West must recognize that its power is relatively diminishing. Policymakers in Western countries, especially the United States, should also consider avoiding the policies they pursued during the Cold War. This is due to the changing structure of the world and international affairs, and secondly, to the increasing influence of non-Western countries.
The Western belief in the universality of Western values has become irrelevant due to three problems:
First, it is an immoral belief.
Second, it is a false belief.
Third, it is a dangerous belief.
The reason behind these three problems is that each civilization has its own characteristics, and it is impossible to impose the characteristics of one civilization on another.
As for the internal and external challenges faced by the West, these internal challenges are represented by the differences in values, morals, and beliefs within Western peoples. The external challenge is primarily due to cultural differences in the world.
To confront these challenges, Huntington advises the West, especially the United States, to adapt to the growing power of non-Western civilizations. He calls on the West to strengthen its cooperation with other civilizations by achieving greater military, economic, and political integration with them. The West should also include the Central European countries, the Visegrad countries, the Baltic republics, Slovenia, and Croatia in the European Union and NATO. Above all, the West should refrain from direct military intervention in the affairs of non-Western countries, as this poses a direct threat to global stability. These steps will help the West remain a global political power and maintain peace and stability in the world. Otherwise, conflicts will escalate, posing a threat to global peace as a whole.
The Links
an-ideology/DFA31652E03A832C9E038D41F758600D
https://china-cee.eu/2022/02/09/whats-wrong-with-the-clash-of-civilizations
https://scispace.com/pdf/the-clash-of-civilizations-a-myth-fak9eq3aly.pdf
https://www.populismstudies.org/Vocabulary/clash-of-civilizations-civilizationist-populism
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1149220
https://www.paradigmshift.com.pk/clash-of-civilizations-samuel-huntington
https://www.populismstudies.org/Vocabulary/clash-of-civilizations-civilizationist-populism
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