حكم الخروج عن الحاكم The ruling on rebelling against the ruler
أ - هل يجب إقامة الشعائر مع الحاكم غير العادل أم لا؟
وجوب إقامة الحج والجهاد والجمعة والعيدين مع الأئمة وإن كانوا فسقة، لأنه حق لله، لا يمنعه جور جائر، ولا عدل عادل.
ب - حُكم من خرج علي الحاكم المُقصر
أما الإمام المقصر وهو الذي يصدر منه مخالفات عملية، أو تساهل في الالتزام بأحكام الشرع، فهذا تجب طاعته ونصحه وعليه تحمل أحاديث: فليكره ما يأتي من معصية الله ولا ينزعن يدًا من طاعة ـ وما في معناها، وأن الخروج عليه حرام، وإذا كان باجتهاد فهو خطأ.
بمعني
- يكره ما يأتيه هذا الحاكم من معصية
- لا ينزع المسلم يده من طاعة الإمام
- الخروج عليه حرام
- إن ثَم اجتهاد بوجوب الخروج عليه فهو اجتهاد خاطيء
جـ - التعامل مع الحاكم الفاسق والظالم والمبتدع
وهو المرتكب للمحظورات والكبائر دون ترك الصلاة لا سيما ظلم الحقوق أو دعوة إلى بدعة فهذا يطاع في طاعة الله ويعصى مع الإنكار عليه في المعصية، ويجوز عزله إن أمكن بإحدى الطرق السلمية السابقة ـ عدا السيف ـ بشرط ألا يترتب على ذلك مفسدة أكبر، فإن لم يكن ذلك وجب المبالغة في الإنكار عليه والتحذير من ظلمه وبدعته حتى لو أدى الأمر إلى الاعتزال عن العمل معه والتعرض لأذاه بشرط ألا يكون سبب ذلك حقًا شخصيًا وعلى هذا تحمل أحاديث: من جاهدهم بنفسه فهو مؤمن ـ وحديث: من دخل عليهم وأعانهم على ظلمهم ـ وما في معناها مع حديث: فاصبر وإن جلد ظهرك وأخذ مالك ـ وعلى هذا تحمل أيضًا أقوال الأئمة الأربعة ونحوهم وأفعالهم، وما أصابهم بسبب ذلك من محن.
6ـ الحاكم الكافر والمرتد، وفي حكمه تارك الصلاة ونحوه، فهؤلاء يجب الخروج عليهم ولو بالسيف إذا كان غالب الظن القدرة عليهم، عملاً بالأحاديث: لا، إلا أن تروا كفرًا بواحًا ـ ولا ما أقاموا فيكم الصلاة ـ وما قادوكم بكتاب الله ـ ونحوها مع الآيات والأحاديث الآمرة بمجاهدة الكفار والمنافقين، لتكون كلمة الله هي العليا، أما إذا لم يكن هناك قدرة على الخروج عليه فعلى الأمة أن تسعى لإعداد القدرة والتخلص من شره... اهـ.
أحكام المحكوم (المواطن) تجاه الحاكم
تحريم الخروج على الإمام العادل سواء كان الخارج عادلاً أم جائرًا، وإن ذلك مما نهى عنه الإسلام أشد النهي وأمر بطاعتهم، ومن خرج عليهم فهو باغ، وعليه تحمل الأحاديث المطلقة في السمع والطاعة.
يقول الإمام الطحاوي
ولا نرى الخروج على أئمتنا وولاة أمورنا وإن جاروا، ولا ندعو عليهم، ولا ننزع يدًا من طاعتهم، ونرى طاعتهم من طاعة الله عز وجل فريضة، ما لم يأمروا بمعصية، وندعو لهم بالصلاح والمعافاة
يقول ابن عبد البر
أما أهل الحق وهم أهل السنة فقالوا هذا هو الاختيار أن يكون الإمام فاضلًا عدلًا محسنًا، فإن لم يكن فالصبر على طاعة الجائرين من الأئمة أولى من الخروج عليه؛ لأن في منازعته والخروج عليه استبدال الأمن بالخوف، ولأن ذلك يحمل على هراق الدماء وشنِّ الغارات والفساد في الأرض، وذلك أعظم من الصبر على جوره وفسقه، والأصول تشهد والعقل والدين أن أعظم المكروهين أولاهما بالترك
الدليل من القرآن علي عدم الخروج علي الحاكم
قال تعالي
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَطِيعُوا اللَّهَ وَأَطِيعُوا الرَّسُولَ وَأُولِي الْأَمْرِ مِنكُمْ ۖ فَإِن تَنَازَعْتُمْ فِي شَيْءٍ فَرُدُّوهُ إِلَى اللَّهِ وَالرَّسُولِ إِن كُنتُمْ تُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ ۚ ذَٰلِكَ خَيْرٌ وَأَحْسَنُ تَأْوِيلًا (59)
يا أيها الذين صدَّقوا الله ورسوله وعملوا بشرعه، استجيبوا لأوامر الله تعالى ولا تعصوه، واستجيبوا للرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم فيما جاء به من الحق، وأطيعوا ولاة أمركم في غير معصية الله، فإن اختلفتم في شيء بينكم، فأرجعوا الحكم فيه إلى كتاب الله تعالى وسنة رسوله محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم، إن كنتم تؤمنون حق الإيمان بالله تعالى وبيوم الحساب. ذلك الردُّ إلى الكتاب والسنة خير لكم من التنازع والقول بالرأي، وأحسن عاقبة ومآلا
إطلالة حول الآية الكريمة
الدليل من السُنة المُطهرة علي عدم الخروج علي الحاكم
الدليل الثالث (فقهياً) مبدأ سد الذرائع علي عدم الخروج علي الحاكم
الدليل الرابع (مبدأ منع الضرر) علي عدم الخروج علي الحاكم
مبدأ منع الضرر
الدليل الخامس (قاعدة دفع المفاسد مقدم على جلب المصالح)
يقول ابن نجيم: فإذا تعارضت مفسدة ومصلحة قدِّم دفع المفسدة غالبًا؛ لأنَّ اعتناء الشرع بالمنهيات أشد من اعتنائه بالمأمورات، ولذا قال عليه السلام: «إذا أمرتكم بشيء فأتوا منه ما استطعتم، وإذا نهيتكم عن شيء فاجتنبوه ومن ثم جاز ترك الواجب دفعًا للمشقة، ولم يُسامح في الإقدام على المنهيات خصوصًا الكبائر ودفع مفسدة الفتنة المترتبة على الخروج على الحاكم الظالم، مقدم على جلب المصلحة وهو زوال الظلم.
الدليل السادس: قاعدة إذا تعارض مفسدتان روعي أعظمهما ضررًا بارتكاب أخفهما
وفي مسألتنا هذه يوجد مفسدة عظيمة؛ الأولى: وقوع الظلم على العباد في حالة السكوت على الحاكم، الثانية: انتشار الفوضى في البلاد في حالة الخروج على الحاكم، ومن البديهي أن المفسدة الثانية أعظم من المفسدة الأولى، فانعدام الأمان في المجتمع يعني تعطل الحياة ووقوع الناس في الحرج والضيق، بخلاف وقوع الظلم الذي لا تتعطَّل معه الحياة، فقال العلماء: ترتكب المفسدة الأخف حتى لا تقع المفسدة الأشد، وقد مرَّ معنا قول ابن تيمية: لأن الفساد في القتال والفتنة أعظم من الفساد الحاصل بظلمهم- أي الحكام الظلمة- بدون قتال ولا فتنة، فلا يدفع أعظم الفسادين بالتزام أدناهما.
Some Islamic groups issue fatwas permitting rebellion against the ruler. You find one of these extremists ordering Muslims and urging them to revolt against the ruler and remove him. He begins by reciting verses, hadiths, and the sayings of scholars about the obligation to fight rulers whom they describe as unjust and disobedient, without understanding their meaning. He says: There is no hearing or obedience to one who disobeys God and His Messenger. All of this is done while stirring up people's emotions and inciting them against the ruler, so that after this begins a series of great and endless evils. This injustice that these extremists claim in their speeches and words is what the rulers of the Muslims did by standing against the deviant and extremist ideas of these extremists, confronting their terrorism, and protecting the people from them. These extremists brought malicious ideas to the people. From declaring Muslims who disagreed with them intellectually and ideologically as infidels, they proceeded from this ruling to permit what God and His Messenger have forbidden. However, the Muslim rulers, in implementation of the Prophet's command and following the example of the Rightly Guided Caliph, Imam Ali (may God be pleased with him), stood against their misguided plans and projects and their distortion of the religion. They did nothing but implement God's prescribed punishment upon them, for they waged war against God and His Messenger and spread corruption in the land, killing, stealing, and violating wealth and even honor. Thus, God's established way with them was to eradicate their evil growth, and this was done at the hands of the Muslim rulers. They kill people in their mosques, on their roads, and even in their homes. They kill those who have covenants and protection, they kill women and children and enslave them, and they call this jihad or "raid," when it is nothing but a satanic whim. What injustice do they claim when they have distorted the bright image of Islam and wronged it with their heinous acts of mutilating people's bodies, committing genocide, and other crimes? Then they claim to be the true Islam! The rulers stood up to their actions and said they were oppressors and must be overthrown.
The rulings Concerning the Ruler Himself
A - Should religious rites be performed under an unjust ruler?
It is obligatory to perform Hajj, Jihad, Friday prayers, and the two Eid prayers under the imams, even if they are corrupt, because it is a right of God, which is not prevented by the injustice of a tyrant or the justice of a just ruler.
B - The Ruling on One Who Rebels Against a Negligent Ruler
As for a negligent imam—one who commits practical violations or is lax in adhering to the rulings of Islamic law—he must be obeyed and advised. He must bear with the hadiths: “He should hate what he commits of disobedience to God, but he should not withdraw his hand from obedience”—and similar hadiths. Rebeling against him is forbidden, and if it is based on ijtihad (independent reasoning), then it is wrong.
In other words
- It is hateful for this ruler to commit any disobedience.
- A Muslim should not withdraw his hand from obedience to the imam.
- Ther rebelling against him is forbidden.
- If there is ijtihad that makes rebelling against him obligatory, then it is a mistaken ijtihad.
C- Dealing with a corrupt, unjust, and heretical ruler
This refers to someone who commits forbidden acts and major sins without neglecting prayer, especially injustice or promoting heresy. Such a ruler is to be obeyed in matters of obedience to God but disobeyed and denounced for his sins. It is permissible to remove him, if possible, through one of the previously mentioned peaceful means—except for force—provided that this does not lead to greater harm. If it does, then it is obligatory to strongly denounce him and warn against his injustice and heresy, even if this leads to severing ties with him and enduring his harm, provided that this is not due to a personal right. This is the basis for understanding the hadiths: “Whoever fights them with his own life is a believer,” and the hadith: “Whoever enters upon them and assists them in their injustice,” and similar hadiths, along with the hadith: “Be patient even if your back is whipped and your wealth is taken.” This is also the basis for understanding the sayings and actions of the four imams and others like them, and the trials they faced as a result.
This is also the basis for understanding 6- The ruler who is an infidel and an apostate, and in his ruling is the one who abandons prayer and the like. These people must be rebelled against, even with the sword, if it is highly probable that they can be overpowered, in accordance with the hadiths: “No, unless you see clear disbelief – and they do not establish prayer among you – and they do not lead you by the Book of God – and the like, along with the verses and hadiths that command fighting the infidels and the hypocrites, so that the word of God may be supreme. But if there is no ability to rebel against him, then the nation must strive to prepare the ability and get rid of his evil... End quote.
The Rules Governing the Ruler (Citizen)
It is forbidden to rebel against a just ruler, whether the rebel is just or unjust. Islam strongly forbids rebellion and commands obedience to rulers. Whoever rebels against them is an aggressor, and the general hadiths regarding obedience and submission should be understood in this context.
The Scholarly Opinions on Rebelling Against an Unjust/Immoral/Disbelieving Ruler
Imam al-Nawawi said in his commentary on Sahih Muslim:
Abandoning Fighting and Not Rebelling
Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah said in Minhaj al-Sunnah al-Nabawiyyah
The most virtuous Muslims used to forbid rebellion and fighting during times of civil strife. For example, Abdullah ibn Umar, Sa'id ibn al-Musayyib, Ali ibn al-Husayn, and others forbade rebellion against Yazid during the year of al-Harrah. Similarly, al-Hasan al-Basri, Mujahid, and others forbade rebellion during the fitnah of Ibn al-Ash'ath. Therefore, the consensus of Ahlus-Sunnah settled on refraining from fighting during times of civil strife.
The position of the Companions who withdrew from the fitnah that occurred between Ali and Mu'awiyah (may Allah be pleased with them both)
They were: Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, Usamah ibn Zayd, Ibn Umar, Muhammad ibn Maslamah, and Abu Bakrah (may Allah be pleased with them all). This is the position of al-Hasan al-Basri and is the well-known position of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal and the majority of the scholars of Hadith. Furthermore, some scholars, such as al-Nawawi in his commentary on Sahih Muslim and Ibn Mujahid al-Basri al-Ta'i, claimed consensus on this matter. Ibn Hazm narrated it from him, but the claim of consensus is questionable, because there are some among the Sunnis who disagreed with it.
In Majmu' al-Fatawa (The School of Ahl al-Hadith):
Refraining from fighting against tyrannical rulers and patiently enduring their injustice until a righteous ruler is brought to justice, or a wicked one is removed.
This issue was discussed in detail by Dr. Abdullah al-Dumaiji in his scholarly thesis: The Supreme Imamate According to Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jama'ah. He said: The majority of Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jama'ah hold that it is not permissible to rebel against unjust and tyrannical rulers with the sword unless their injustice and tyranny reach the point of clear disbelief, or abandoning prayer and calling to it,or leading the nation by other than the Book of Allah Almighty
The scholars unanimously agree
that it is forbidden to forbid evil by committing a greater evil, as they say: Enjoining good and forbidding evil is obligatory by hand, tongue, and heart, provided there is good example and ability, and that it is not permissible to forbid evil by committing a greater evil.
Imam al-Tahawi said
“We do not believe in rebelling against our imams and rulers, even if they are unjust. We do not pray against them, nor do we withdraw our allegiance from them. We consider obedience to them an obligation, as long as they do not command disobedience to God Almighty. We pray for their righteousness and well-being.”
Ibn Abd al-Barr said: “As for the people of truth, who are the people of the Sunnah, they said: ‘The preferred option is for the imam to be virtuous, just, and benevolent. If he is not, then patience in obeying unjust imams is preferable to rebelling against him.’” Because challenging him and rebelling against him replaces security with fear, and because this leads to bloodshed, raids, and corruption in the land, which is worse than enduring his injustice and immorality. The fundamental principles, reason, and religion all testify that the greater of two evils is preferable to abandon it.
The scholars of Ahlus-Sunnah unanimously agree that a ruler is not deposed for immorality. As for the view mentioned in some of our scholars' books of jurisprudence that he is deposed, and which is also attributed to the Mu'tazilites, whoever holds this view is mistaken and contradicts the consensus. The scholars said: The reason for his not being deposed and for the prohibition of rebelling against him is the resulting strife, bloodshed, and discord. Thus, the harm in deposing him is greater than in his remaining in power.
Qadi Iyad said
The majority of Ahlus-Sunnah, including scholars of Hadith, jurisprudence, and theology, said: He is not deposed for immorality, injustice, or neglecting rights, and rebelling against him is not obligatory. Rather, he should be admonished and warned, and obedience to him should be withheld in matters where obedience is not required, based on the relevant hadiths.
The evidence from the Quran on not rebelling against the ruler
Allah Almighty says
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَطِيعُوا اللَّهَ وَأَطِيعُوا الرَّسُولَ وَأُولِي الْأَمْرِ مِنكُمْ ۖ فَإِن تَنَازَعْتُمْ فِي شَيْءٍ فَرُدُّوهُ إِلَى اللَّهِ وَالرَّسُولِ إِن كُنتُمْ تُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ ۚ ذَٰلِكَ خَيْرٌ وَأَحْسَنُ تَأْوِيلًا (59)
O you who have believed, obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you. And if you disagree over anything, refer it to Allah and the Messenger, if you should believe in Allah and the Last Day. That is better and more suitable for final determination. (59)
O you who have believed in Allah and His Messenger and acted according to His law, respond to the commands of Allah Almighty and do not disobey Him, and respond to the Messenger, peace and blessings be upon him, in what he brought of the truth, and obey those in authority over you in all matters except those that are not permissible. Disobeying God. If you disagree about something among yourselves, refer the judgment in it to the Book of God Almighty and the Sunnah of His Messenger Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace, if you truly believe in God Almighty and in the Day of Reckoning. Returning to the Book and the Sunnah is better for you than disputing and relying on personal opinion, and it has a better outcome and consequence.
A Glimpse into the Noble Verse
O you who have believed
This is a divine command, so there is no turning back from it, nor surrendering to the whims of the self.
Obey God and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you
God Almighty Himself has linked obedience to Him, to the Messenger, and to those in authority (the rulers). Therefore, any separation from one of these three commands is a separation from all three.
If you disagree about something
Psychology tells us that there are never two people in the same place for three days without some reason for disagreement.
Then refer it to God and the Messenger
This is a command, not a recommendation
If you believe in God and the Last Day, that is better and more suitable for interpretation.
It is as if God Almighty is saying to the believers, if you interpret the Quran, do not interpret it according to your desires, but interpret it as God intended.
The evidence from the Pure Sunnah on Not Rebelling Against the Ruler
First Hadith
The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said, “Whoever obeys me has obeyed God, and whoever disobeys me has disobeyed God. Whoever obeys the ruler has obeyed me, and whoever disobeys the ruler has disobeyed me.”
Second Hadith
What was narrated on the authority of Junadah ibn Abi Umayyah, who said, “We entered upon Ubadah ibn al-Samit while he was ill. We said, ‘May God grant you health, tell us a hadith that will benefit you, which you heard from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him).’ He said, ‘The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) summoned us, and we pledged allegiance to him. Among the things he asked of us was: “That we pledge allegiance to listen and obey, in times of ease and hardship, in times of plenty and scarcity, and even when others are given preference over us, and that we do not dispute the authority of those in charge, unless we witness clear disbelief for which we have proof from God.”’”
Third Hadith
What was narrated by Awf ibn Malik (may God be pleased with him) on the authority of the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him), who said, “The best of your leaders are those whom you love and who love you, and who pray for you.” And you pray for them, and the worst of your leaders are those whom you hate and who hate you, and whom you curse and who curse you.” It was said: “O Messenger of Allah, should we not fight them with the sword?” He said: “No, as long as they establish prayer among you. And if you see something from your rulers that you dislike, then dislike their actions, but do not withdraw your allegiance from them.”
The fourth hadith: What Ibn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, narrated from the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, who said: “Whoever sees something from his ruler that he dislikes, let him be patient with it, for whoever separates himself from the community by even a handspan and dies, dies a death of ignorance.”
The fifth hadith: On the authority of Umm Salamah, may Allah be pleased with her, that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “There will be rulers whom you will recognize and disapprove of. Whoever recognizes is absolved, and whoever disapproves is safe, but whoever is pleased and follows them…” They said: “Should we not fight them?” He said: “No, as long as they establish prayer
The Sixth Hadith
Narrated by Abu Salam: Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman said: I said, “O Messenger of Allah, we were in evil, then Allah brought good, and we are now in it. Is there evil after this good?” He said, “Yes.” I said, “Is there good after that evil?” He said, “Yes.” I said, “Is there evil after that good?” He said, “Yes.” I said, “How so?” He said, “After me, there will be leaders who will not be guided by my guidance, nor will they follow my Sunnah. And there will arise among them men whose hearts are the hearts of devils in the bodies of men.” I said, “O Messenger of Allah, what should I do if I live to see that?” He said, “Listen to and obey the ruler, even if he strikes your back and takes your wealth. Listen and obey.”
The Seventh Hadith
On the authority of Alqamah ibn Wa’il al-Hadrami, on the authority of his father, who said: Salamah ibn Yazid al-Ju’fi asked the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), “O Prophet of Allah, what if rulers are appointed over us who demand their rights from us but withhold our rights? What do you command us to do?” So he turned away from him. Then he asked him again, and he turned away from him again. Then he asked him a second or third time, and al-Ash'ath ibn Qays pulled him aside. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said, "Listen and obey, for they are responsible for what they are entrusted with, and you are responsible for what you are entrusted with."
The Eighth Hadith
On the authority of Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him), on the authority of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), who said, "Whoever abandons obedience and separates from the community and dies, dies a death of ignorance. Whoever fights under a banner of blind allegiance, becoming angry for the sake of a group, or calling to a group, or supporting a group, and is killed, dies a death of ignorance. Whoever rebels against my nation, striking its righteous and wicked, showing no mercy to its believers, and not fulfilling his covenant with those who have a covenant, is not of me, and I am not of him."
The Ninth Hadith
On the authority of Abdullah ibn Umar, who said, "I heard the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) say, 'Whoever withdraws his hand from obedience will meet Allah on the Day of Resurrection with no excuse. And whoever dies without having pledged allegiance dies a death of ignorance
The third proof (from a jurisprudential perspective) is the principle of blocking the means to evil for the prohibition of rebelling against the ruler.
Imam al-Qarafi said
“A means to evil is a way to something. This means cutting off the source of corruption to prevent it. So, whenever an action that is harmless becomes a means to corruption, we prohibit that action.”
Imam al-Qurtubi said
“A means to evil is something that is not inherently forbidden, but whose commission is feared to lead to something forbidden.”
Imam al-Zarkashi said
“If something permissible leads to something forbidden, then scholars have agreed to prohibit it as a means to evil. Therefore, it is forbidden to insult the gods of the disbelievers, because it will lead to insulting God Almighty. So it is forbidden as a means to evil. God Almighty says: ‘And do not insult those they invoke besides God, lest they insult God in enmity without knowledge’ [Al-An’am: 108].”
The fourth proof (the principle of preventing harm) for not rebelling against the ruler
The principle of preventing harm
This principle is supported by the Prophet's ﷺ hadith: “There should be neither harming nor reciprocating harm.” Harm is prevented from occurring in the first place, as stated in the hadith. It is well-established that rebelling against the ruler results in countless harms. Preventing harm means preventing its cause, and in our case, the cause of the harm is rebellion itself. Therefore, scholars have prohibited it.
It might be argued that harm is inflicted upon Muslims due to injustice.
According to the principle, harm is removed, and rebelling against the ruler is merely a means of removing harm. The response to this is that harm is removed only if its removal does not result in greater harm. For this reason, scholars have stated that harm cannot be removed by inflicting harm. Therefore, the harm resulting from rebelling against an unjust ruler should not be committed in order to remove the harm of injustice caused by the ruler remaining in power. Harm cannot be removed by inflicting harm.
The fifth proof (the principle of averting harm taking precedence over bringing about benefits)
Ibn Nujaym says: If a harm and a benefit conflict, averting the harm usually takes precedence. Because Islamic law places greater emphasis on prohibitions than on commands, the Prophet (peace be upon him) said: “If I command you to do something, do as much of it as you can, and if I forbid you from something, abstain from it.” Therefore, it is permissible to omit an obligation to avoid hardship, but there is no leniency in committing prohibitions, especially major sins. Preventing the greater harm of rebellion against a tyrannical ruler takes precedence over achieving the greater benefit of removing injustice.
The sixth proof: The principle that if two evils conflict, the greater harm is avoided by committing the lesser.
In our case, there is a great harm; The first: injustice will befall the people if they remain silent about the ruler. The second: chaos will spread in the country if they rebel against the ruler. It is obvious that the second corruption is greater than the first, as the lack of security in society means the disruption of life and the people falling into hardship and distress, unlike the occurrence of injustice, which does not disrupt life. So the scholars said: the lesser corruption is committed so that the greater corruption does not occur. We have already discussed the statement of Ibn Taymiyyah: because the corruption in fighting and sedition is greater than the corruption resulting from their injustice - that is, the unjust rulers - without fighting or sedition, so the greater of the two corruptions is not averted by adhering to the lesser of them.




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